Computerized system and methods for adjudicating and automatically reimbursing care providers

ABSTRACT

A method for adjudicating and reimbursing a care provider for services provided for a clinical event is provided. The method includes the step of receiving a transaction having a number of clinical data elements. The method also includes the steps of accessing a data store including payer information and determining whether the transaction is eligible for reimbursement by at least one payer. The method also includes the steps of accessing a first knowledge base comprising evidence-based standards for providing medically appropriate care and selectively performing analysis of the clinical data elements of the transaction against at least one standard to determine if the care provided is medically appropriate. The method further includes the steps of accessing a second knowledge base containing at least one criterion for assessing quality of care and selectively performing analysis of the clinical data elements of the transaction against the at least one criterion to determine if the care provided is medically appropriate. Also, the method includes determining a level of reimbursement based on the medical appropriateness and quality of the care provided and authorizing reimbursement of the care provider from at least one payer.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication Ser. No. 60/714,505 filed Jan. 6, 2005, entitled“Computerized System and Methods for Adjudicating and AutomaticallyReimbursing Care Providers,” which is assigned or under obligation ofassignment to the same entity as this application, and incorporated inthis application by reference.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

Not applicable.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

Embodiments of this invention relate to the field of healthcareinformation technology systems. More particularly, embodiments of theinvention are directed to a system and methods for generating andprocessing an integrated transaction for supporting the provision of,and adjudication and reimbursement for, healthcare services.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

While providing the highest level of care in the world, the UnitedStates healthcare system is extremely costly. Nearly $1.7 trillion, orroughly 14% of the gross domestic product, is currently spent onhealthcare. An unacceptable portion of the costs within the UnitedStates healthcare system is attributable to administrative costs. Arecent study found that 31% of the overall healthcare expenditures aredirected to administrative costs.

The apparent excess in administrative costs is due to a number ofreasons. For example, the provision of health care has predominantlybeen practiced in a paper-based environment. Claims administration,adjudication, reimbursement, benefits management and otheradministrative, operational and financial processes have alsopredominantly been conducted in an inefficient, paper-based environment.These paper-based systems are plagued by error, redundancy and frictionamong the stakeholders within the healthcare system.

The opportunity exists for information technology to be more widelyemployed to automate, improve and integrate clinical and administrativeprocesses and to connect stakeholders in the healthcare system. To thispoint, various clinical and administrative information technologysystems have been used successful in their respective environments. Froma clinical perspective, electronic medical records (EMRs) have been usedto structure and store patient information in a comprehensive,longitudinal manner so that relevant information is accessible to careproviders at the appropriate time and place. The EMR and other clinicalhealthcare information technology (HCIT) solutions reduce the number oferrors associated with providing care, and minimize the time and effortrequired to document and retrieve details of the care provided. Otherbenefits are widely known in the art. From an administrativeperspective, on-line claims submittal and electronic fund transfer (EFT)technologies have improved some aspects of the payment and reimbursementprocess. However, these systems have not been successfully married orconnected to one another, and the central component of theseadministrative systems, the benefit claim, does not include theinformation required to fairly and efficiently reimburse providers forhealthcare services.

In existing systems, the claim in a paper or electronic form isforwarded by the healthcare provider, medical facility or the patient toa payer for processing and payment. Once the claim arrives at the payer,the process of adjudicating the benefit claim begins in accordance withthe constraints of the relevant policy and benefit plan contract, andany agreements between the payer and the healthcare provider or facilityor organization at which services were rendered. The adjudication of asubmitted claim is a process initiated by the payer to determine thehealth benefits covered under the benefit plan contract, including itslimitations, exclusions, schedule of benefit or reimbursement, managedcare provisions or any other entitlements or lack of entitlements. Thepayer adjudication system analyzes the data submitted via the claim anddetermines whether the claim should be paid, in whole or in part, or bedenied.

Once the claim is adjudicated by the payer, an explanation of benefits(EOB) statement is generated. The EOB identifies the services that werebilled, the amounts paid to the provider and any reasons for nonpayment.Once returned to the healthcare provider, the EOB is manually reviewedand the codes for any unpaid, underpaid or remarks are compared to thosecodes of the originally submitted claim. Once the EOB is reviewed andany issues identified, the healthcare provider attempts to correct,revise and resubmit the claim. In this step, incorrect codes ornon-applicable codes are corrected, incorrect descriptions of proceduresare revised, and the claim is resubmitted to the payer. The healthcareprovider then engages the payer to resolve any disputed claim issues andfurther correct or modify the resubmitted claim. The process may berepeated until all claims have been paid or otherwise resolved.

The existing processes for claim submission and adjudication are laborintensive, time consuming, and provide little assurance that a claimwill be paid. The processes largely ignore the core clinical data andinformation related to the care provided and focus almost exclusively onthe billing codes that summarize the care provided. The processes do notaccount for the condition of the particular patient, the quality of thecare provided or the appropriateness of the care provided given theparticular clinical circumstances surrounding the patient and theencounter. As such, the standards of review are based on generalitiesrather than the scientifically supported evidence regarding theprovision of appropriate, high quality care. These problems arecompounded since the information technology systems for providing caredo not interoperate with the systems for reimbursement.

As noted briefly above, a minimal level of information technology hasbeen employed in the claims adjudication process. For example, someadministrative systems allow providers to submit claims electronically.Also, benefits companies provide online access for verifying eligibilityand plan coverage, and determining the status of claims and otherbenefit information. Other existing systems address claims processingfrom a multi-system perspective, and are plagued by interfaces,incompatibilities and limited functionality. By way of example, onesoftware application may be used to edit a claim while another softwareapplication determines eligibility and yet another software applicationaddresses revenue management. In these and other examples, significantuser intervention is required to adjudicate and reimburse the careprovider after a claim is produced, which also leads to inefficienciesand increased administrative costs. Little of the friction inherent inthe manual systems is eliminated by these computerized systems. Theclinical information for which the claim is submitted is sparse,incomplete and largely ignored. As such, the existing systems are unableto adjudicate and reimburse for care in an efficient, time-saving andcost-effective way. As a result, the cost of providing care and theadministration of care has skyrocketed in spite of increasedefficiencies that information technology has provided in particulardomains.

There is a need for a system and methods that integrate clinical,financial and payer benefits information and provide a common processfor the provision of care and administration of healthcare benefits toreduce the medical error and eliminate the variance, waste, delay andfriction in the current healthcare system. There is also a need for atrusted and open automated system accessible by the person receivingcare, the provider and the payers. There is a further need to introducemedically supported evidence in the process of providing and paying forcare to improve the level of care, and allow providers to employ thebest medicine while receiving the appropriate level of reimbursement forthe care provided. The system and methods of the present inventionaddress these needs and others evident from the description providedbelow.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention overcoming these and other problems in the art relates inone regard to a system and methods for processing an integratedtransaction for efficient provision of healthcare, and adjudication andreimbursement for the care provided. In embodiments, a method foradjudicating and reimbursing a care provider for services provided for aclinical event is provided. The method includes the step of receiving atransaction having a number of clinical data elements. The method alsoincludes the steps of accessing a data store including payer informationand determining whether the transaction is eligible for reimbursement bythe payer. The method also includes the steps of accessing a firstknowledge base comprising evidence-based standards for providingmedically appropriate care and selectively performing analysis of theclinical data elements of the transaction against at least one standardto determine if the care provided is medically appropriate. The methodfurther includes the steps of accessing a second knowledge basecontaining at least one criterion for assessing the quality of careprovided and selectively performing analysis of the clinical dataelements of the transaction against the at least one criterion todetermine if the care provided is medically appropriate. Also, themethod includes determining a level of reimbursement based on themedical appropriateness and quality of the care provided and authorizingreimbursement of the care provider from at least one payer.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention is described in detail below with reference to theattached drawing figures, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary computing environment for usein implementing the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a flow chart representative of an exemplary computer programfor generating and processing an integrated transaction to reimburse acare provider for a clinical event in accordance with an embodiment ofthe invention;

FIG. 3 is a flow chart representative of an exemplary computer programfor creating the integrated transaction and building the integratedtransaction of FIG. 2 in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 4 illustrates the initial clinical event details of the integratedtransaction in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 5 illustrates the integrated transaction of FIG. 4 aggregated toinclude an organization identifier in accordance with an embodiment ofthe invention;

FIG. 6 illustrates the integrated transaction of FIG. 5 aggregated toinclude a person identifier in accordance with an embodiment of theinvention;

FIG. 7 illustrates the integrated transaction of FIG. 6 aggregated toinclude EHR data elements in accordance with an embodiment of theinvention;

FIG. 8 illustrates the integrated transaction of FIG. 7 aggregated toinclude data elements used to determine the quality of the care providedin accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 9 is a flow chart representative of an exemplary computer programfor adjudicating the integrated transaction based on the medicalappropriateness of the care provided during the clinical event inaccordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 10 is a flow chart representative of an exemplary computer programfor adjudicating the integrated transaction based on the quality of careprovided during the clinical event in accordance with an embodiment ofthe invention;

FIG. 11 is a flow chart representative of an exemplary computer programfor adjudicating the integrated transaction based on the historicalquality of care associated with the clinical event in accordance with anembodiment of the invention; and

FIG. 12 is a flow chart representative of an exemplary computer programfor automatically reimbursing the care provider based on the integratedtransaction in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

The subject matter of the present invention is described withspecificity herein to meet statutory requirements. However, thedescription itself is not intended to limit the scope of this patent.Rather, the inventors have contemplated that the claimed subject mattermight also be embodied in other ways, to include different steps orcombinations of steps similar to the ones described in this document, inconjunction with other present or future technologies. Moreover,although the terms “step” and/or “block” may be used herein to connotedifferent elements of methods employed, the terms should not beinterpreted as implying any particular order among or between varioussteps herein disclosed unless and except when the order of individualsteps is explicitly described.

The present invention provides a computerized system and methods for usein generating and processing an integrated transaction for supportingthe provision of, and reimbursement for, healthcare services. Anexemplary operating environment for the present invention is describedbelow.

Referring to the drawings in general, and initially to FIG. 1 inparticular, an exemplary computing system environment, for instance, amedical information computing system, on which the present inventionsmay be implemented is illustrated and designated generally as referencenumeral 100. It will be understood and appreciated by those of ordinaryskill in the art that the illustrated medical information computingsystem 100 is merely an example of one suitable computing environmentand is not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scope of use orfunctionality of the invention. Neither should the medical informationcomputing system 100 be interpreted as having any dependency orrequirement relating to any single component or combination ofcomponents illustrated therein.

The system 100 includes a central computing system 102 communicatingwith one or more care provider locations 104, payers 106 and healthcareconsumers 108. As described below in greater detail with reference toFIGS. 3-8, central computing system 102 includes an initial transactionaggregator 110 for receipt and accumulation of clinical, financial andadministrative data elements. Each integrated transaction is storedwithin a data store 112 containing a number of transactions forprocessing in accordance with embodiments of the invention.

As described below with reference to FIGS. 9-12, the central computingsystem further includes a services component 114 for automaticallyadjudicating each integrated transaction. Services component 114includes an eligibility module 116, an appropriateness module 118 and aquality module 120. Services component 114 also includes a reimbursementmodule 122 for automatically reimbursing, or initiating thereimbursement of, the care provider in real time (or near real time)from one or more payers though the central computing system. Servicescomponent 114 also includes additional modules 124 capable of processingthe integrated transactions for purposes in addition to the servicesprovided by modules 116, 118, 120 and 122.

Healthcare services are provided at any of a number of care providerlocations 104. These locations can be located at medical environments,for example, but not limited to, hospitals, other inpatient settings,pharmacies, a clinician's office, ambulatory settings, testing labs anda person's home environment. In an embodiment, one or more computingdevices 126 are located at, or associated with, each care providerlocation 104 and receive clinical, financial and administrative dataelements for storage at one or more data stores 128 located at, orassociated with, each care provider location. For example, the computingdevices 126 and data stores 128 may be physically located at theprovider's physical locations, at remote locations at which the healthcare information technology systems are hosted for the providers, ordistributed there between. The computing devices 126 communicate withthe central computing system 102 through a network 129 and an interface130.

The data elements such as those received at the providers 104 mayinclude, for example, a variety of clinical, financial andadministrative data elements as described in embodiments of theinvention with reference to FIGS. 4-8. Clinical data elements include“clinical event details” submitted by the provider for the care providedand “EHR data elements” that pre-exist the submission of the particulartransaction being adjudicated and are stored in the system as describedbelow. For example, clinical data elements include, for example, patientidentification data, diagnosis data, patient morbidity, mortality andrecovery rates, drug prescription and other drug delivery and managementinformation, and data elements traditionally captured at the point ofcare or during the care process and stored in an electronic medicalrecord (EMR). Financial and administrative data elements may includehospital or other occupancy data, supply information, medical staffinformation, scheduling information, or other types of informationrelated to clinical operations.

Payers 106 are similarly connected to the central computing system 102of the present invention. Payers 106 include without limitation,employers, government entities (such as the Centers for Medicare andMedicaid Services), charities, insurers and secondary insurers. Inembodiments, one or more computing devices 132 associated with eachpayer 106 collect and manage payer data elements that are stored in oneor more data stores 134. The payer data elements include, withoutlimitation, procedure codes, physician identification, insurance orother coverage data including co-pay and deductible amounts, eligibilityrequirements, and benefit reimbursement levels. The computing devices132 communicate with the central computer system 102 through a network136 and an interface 138.

Consumers 108 are also connected to the central computing system 102.Consumers 108 include individuals receiving care and individualsresponsible for the care of others. For purposes of the presentinvention, consumers may also include any of a number of other entitiessuch as financial institutions responsible for an aspect of a consumerobligation. A number of computing devices 142 associated with theconsumers collect clinical, financial and administrative data elementsstored in one or more data stores 140. The computing devices 142communicate with central computer system 102 through a network 144 andan interface 146.

The computing devices at the provider and payer institutions and thecentral computing system are preferably general purpose computingdevices having a server. Components of the servers may include, but arenot limited to, a processing unit, internal system memory, and asuitable system bus for coupling various system components, includingassociated data stores. The system bus may be any of several types ofbus structures, including a memory bus or memory controller, aperipheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety of busarchitectures. By way of example, and not limitation, such architecturesinclude Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, Micro ChannelArchitecture (MCA) bus, Enhanced ISA (EISA) bus, Video ElectronicStandards Association (VESA) local bus, and Peripheral ComponentInterconnect (PCI) bus, also known as Mezzanine bus.

The servers typically include therein or have access to a variety ofcomputer readable media, for instance, at the associated data stores andknowledge bases. Computer readable media can be any available media thatcan be accessed by the servers, and includes both volatile andnonvolatile media, removable and nonremovable media. By way of example,and not limitation, computer readable media may comprise computerstorage media and communication media. Computer storage media includevolatile and nonvolatile, removable and nonremovable media implementedin any method or technology for storage of information, such as computerreadable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data.Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM,EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digitalversatile disks (DVD), or other optical disk storage, magneticcassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage, or other magneticstorage devices, or any other storage medium which can be used to storethe desired information and which can be accessed by a server.Communication media typically embodies computer readable instructions,data structures, program modules, or other data in a modulated datasignal, such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism, andincludes any information delivery media. The term “modulated datasignal” means a signal that has one or more of its characteristics setor changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. Byway of example, and not limitation, communication media includes wiredmedia, such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wirelessmedia such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media.Combinations of any of the above should also be included within thescope of computer readable media.

Servers may operate in a computer network using logical connections toother general computing devices. Other general computing devices may bea personal computer, router, a network PC, a peer device or other commonnetwork node, and may include some or all of the elements describedabove relative to server. The consumer computing devices 142 willtypically consist of personal computers integrated with data store 140.

A user may enter commands and information into the general computingdevices through input devices, such as keyboards, pointing devices,commonly referred to as a mouse, trackball, or touch pad. Other inputdevices may include a microphone, satellite dish, scanner, or the like.The computing devices may have any sort of display device, for instance,a monitor. In addition to a monitor, the computing devices may alsoinclude other peripheral output devices, such as speakers and printers.

Although many other internal components of server and general computingdevices are not shown, those of ordinary skill in the art willappreciate that such components and their interconnection are wellknown. Accordingly, additional details concerning the internalconstruction of the server and other computing devices need not bedisclosed in connection with the present invention.

Data elements are communicated between the providers, payers andconsumers and the central computing system through networks 129, 136 and144, for instance, via a local area network (LAN) and/or a wide areanetwork (WAN), but may also include other networks. Such networkingenvironments are commonplace in offices, enterprise-wide computernetworks, intranets and the Internet. When utilized in a WAN networkingenvironment, servers may include a modem or other means for establishingcommunications over the WAN, such as the Internet. In a networkedenvironment, program modules or portions thereof may be stored inserver, or data stores, or on any of the general computing devices suchas the remote computers. For example, and not limitation, variousapplication programs may reside on the memory associated with any one orall of the computing devices. It will be appreciated that the networkconnections shown are exemplary and other means of establishing acommunications link between the computers may be used.

The data stores provide storage of computer readable instructions, datastructures, program modules, and other data for the computing devices.As described herein, the data stores may include, for instance, a queryengine such as a SQL engine or other resources to facilitate themaintenance, interrogation and transmission of the data. The data storesmay be or include a large-scale or other database hosting facility, suchas a site including or interfacing to, for example, relational databasessuch as the Oracle™ relational database sold commercially by OracleCorp. or others. Other storage or query formats, platforms or resourcessuch as OLAP (On Line Analytical Processing), SQL, storage area networks(SANs), redundant arrays of independent disks (RAID) or others may alsobe used, incorporated or accessed by data stores, which may be supportedby servers or other resources. In embodiments, the inventioncontemplates a distributed transaction having a number of pointers tothe data elements comprising the transaction.

The methods and system of the invention receives data, and providesinformation to adjudicate and reimburse for care provided in response torelevant input and/or actions initiated within the healthcare system.Although the method and system are described as being implemented in aWINDOWS operating system operating in conjunction with a comprehensivehealthcare network, one skilled in the art would recognize that themethod and system can be implemented in any system supporting thereceipt and processing of the relevant data elements and inputs.

An exemplary method 200 for generating and processing an integratedtransaction to reimburse a care provider is illustrated in the flowdiagram of FIG. 2. Initially, at block 202, the method is initiated.Subsequently, at block 204, the data elements (including the clinicalevent details) are combined with traditional administrative andfinancial details and aggregated to form initially an integratedtransaction as described below with reference to FIGS. 3-8.

An exemplary method 300 for creating and building an integratedtransaction is illustrated in the flow diagram of FIG. 3. The methodbegins at block 310. Next, at block 312, the system receives initialclinical event details (and traditional administrative and financialdetails) to initiate the transaction. In an embodiment, the clinicalevent details are captured by the care provider at the point of care.For example, a number of structured care templates may be used tocapture contemporaneous or near-contemporaneous clinical data elementssuch as laboratory test results, assessments, imaging studies,pharmaceutical prescription or use, clinical outcomes or other data asset forth with specificity below. That data may be captured and storedinto a documented care note, chart or other record, which may inembodiments be stored to a clinical data store such as data store 128(FIG. 1), and combined with existing data in the data store 128 of eachprovider. In this embodiment, when a documented care note is signed andstored within the patient record, the care provider is prompted to addany of a number of clinical event details typically required forcompleting the processing of the transaction in accordance with thepresent invention that are not already included in the patient's record.

By way of example, FIG. 4 illustrates a subset of initial clinical eventdetails forming the initial integrated transaction at block 312 of FIG.3. In an embodiment, the clinical event details include, withoutlimitation, person identification (or person identifier), visitidentification, allergies, patient adverse reactions, diagnoses,procedures, problems, medication administrations, and immunizations. Theperson identification includes a number of elements specific to theindividual person receiving care (or “patient”). For example, address,gender, race, communication mechanism list, and marital status for theperson are aggregated and included in each integrated transaction.

Visit identification includes those clinical event details specific tothe individual person's visit to a care provider (primary carephysician, specialist, hospital). For example, visit identificationincludes clinical event details such as admitting reason, admittingdate, discharge, and servicing facility, among others. The clinicalevent details also include medically related information specific to theperson. Information regarding any allergies is aggregated in thetransaction. Allergy-related adverse reactions are also collected andincluded in the integrated transaction.

In addition, clinical event details regarding the clinical diagnoses andthe procedures performed, any medications administered, andimmunizations given to the patient are included in the integratedtransaction. Table 1 includes an exemplary list of clinical eventdetails included in the initial transaction. In this embodiment, anumber of the data elements are defined by Health Level 7's (HL7)Continuity of Care Record (CCR).

TABLE 1 Clinical Event Details Person Identification  Name      First     Middle      Last      Suffix  Mother's Maiden Name  Birth Date andTime  Death Date and Time  Gender Code  Race Code  Address List (Home,Business, Etc.)      Address Type Code      City      State/Province     County Code      Postal Code      Country Code  CommunicationMechanism List (Home, Business, email, Etc.)      CommunicationMechanism Type Code      Communication Mechanism  Identifier List(Driver's License Number, SSN, MRN, etc.)      Identifier Type Code     Identifier  Primary Language Code  Marital Status Code  ReligionCode  Nationality Code  Citizenship  Physician List (PCP)      PhysicianRelationship Type Code      Identifier      First      Middle      Last     Suffix Visit Identification  Identifier  Class Code  Type Code Admit Reason  Admit Date/Time  Discharge Date/Time  Physician List(Admitting, Attending, Referring, Consulting, etc.)      PhysicianRelationship Type Code      Identifier      First      Middle      Last     Suffix  Servicing Facility      City      State/Province     County Code      Postal Code      Country Code  Estimated Length ofInpatient Stay  Actual Length of Inpatient Stay Allergies  AllergenCoding Method  Allergen Type Code  Allergen Code/Mnemonic/Description Allergy Severity Code  Allergy Reaction Code  Identification DatePatient Adverse Reactions  Allergen Coding Method  Allergen Type Code Allergen Code/Mnemonic/Description  Allergy Severity Code  AllergyReaction Code  Allergy Action Code  Allergy Unique Identifier  ActionReason  Sensitivity to Causative Agent Code  Allergen GroupCode/Mnemonic/Description  Onset Date  Onset Date Text  ReportedDate/Time  Reported By  Relationship to Patient Code  Alert Device Code Allergy Clinical Status Code  Statused by Person  Statused byOrganization  Statused at Date/Time Diagnoses  Diagnosis Coding Method Diagnosis Code - DG1  Diagnosis Description  Diagnosis Date/Time Diagnosis Type  Major Diagnostic Category  Diagnostic Related Group DRG Approval Indicator  DRG Grouper Review Code  Outlier Type  OutlierDays  Outlier Cost  Grouper Version And Type  Diagnosis Priority Diagnosing Clinician  Diagnosis Classification  Confidential Indicator Attestation Date/Time  Diagnosis Identifier  Diagnosis Action CodeProcedures  Procedure Coding Method  Procedure Code  ProcedureDescription  Procedure Date/Time  Procedure Functional Type  ProcedureMinutes  Anesthesiologist  Anesthesia Code  Anesthesia Minutes  Surgeon Procedure Practitioner  Consent Code  Procedure Priority  AssociatedDiagnosis Code  Procedure Code Modifier  Procedure DRG Type  Tissue TypeCode  Procedure Identifier  Procedure Action Code Problems  Action Code Action Date/Time  Problem ID  Problem Instance ID  Episode of Care ID Problem List Priority  Problem Established Date/Time  AnticipatedProblem Resolution Date/Time  Actual Problem Resolution Date/Time Problem Classification  Problem Management Discipline  ProblemPersistence  Problem Confirmation Status  Problem Life Cycle Status Problem Life Cycle Status Date/Time  Problem Date of Onset  ProblemOnset Text  Problem Ranking  Certainty of Problem  Probability ofProblem (0–1)  Individual Awareness of Problem  Problem Prognosis Individual Awareness of Prognosis  Family/Significant Other Awarenessof Problem/Prognosis  Security/Sensitivity Medication Administrations NDC Code  Quantity  Quantity Unit Code  Dose  Strength  Strength UnitCode  Interval  Route Code  Date and Time  Provider      Identifier     First      Middle      Last      Suffix Immunizations  CVX Code Quantity  Quantity Unit Code  Dose  Strength  Strength Unit Code Interval  Route Code  Start Date and Time  End Date and Time  Provider     Identifier      First      Middle      Last      Suffix

The clinical event details are aggregated with administrative andfinancial data associated with traditional claims and submitted to thecentral computer system 102 by the care provider 104 through network 129and interface 130. Interface 130 may reside within the central computingsystem or externally to the system as illustrated in FIG. 1. In anembodiment, the interface places the data elements received from theproviders in a standard format capable of processing by the servicescomponent 114 of the central computing system. In embodiments, thetransaction is defined in a standard format such as the CCR and employedby all providers accessing the system. Alternatively, conditioningengines may be employed to translate transactions of differing formatsinto a standard format for processing in accordance with the invention.Once the initial set of data elements are received and structured to thestandard format, an initial transaction 150A is defined as shown in FIG.1.

With reference back to FIG. 3, once the integrated transaction 150A isdefined, the system determines at block 314 if there is a uniqueidentifier for the provider of services and/or the organization at whichservices were rendered as identified in the integrated transaction. Asillustrated in FIG. 1, initial transaction aggregator 110 includes aparticipation evaluator 152 and a data store 154 containing uniqueidentifiers for providers and organizations known to the centralcomputing system 102. The participation evaluator 152 determines if theprovider is a known provider, and if the organization is a knownorganization, by querying the data store 154. Known providers andorganizations include providers and organizations associated with abenefit plan of one of the payers 106 (as provided to the central systemthrough network 136 and interface 138). Providers and organizations thathave previously submitted transactions also have unique identifiers inthe data store 154.

With reference back to FIG. 3, if either the provider or theorganization does not have a unique identifier, then a new identifier iscreated at block 316. Next, the new identifier is aggregated into theintegrated transaction at block 318. If unique identifiers are found inthe data store 154 at block 314, then block 318 is bypassed. By way ofexample, FIG. 5 illustrates an integrated transaction including aprovider identifier and an organization identifier as included in theintegrated transaction. The provider identifier for fictitious physicianJohn Smith is 1498000 and the organization identifier for fictitiousorganization State General Hospital is 9988000. Each identifier isstored in data store 154 and included in the integrated transactionrelated to the care provided under the heading entitled OrganizationIdentifier.

Initial aggregator 110 also includes an enterprise master person index(EMPI) aggregator 156 and a data store 158 containing unique identifiersfor persons receiving care or otherwise accessing the system. At block320, the EMPI aggregator determines if a unique person identifier isstored in data store 158 for the patient identified in the integratedtransaction. A person identifier, using enterprise master person index(EMPI) technology known to those of ordinary skill in the art, isestablished for the person and does not change throughout the lifetimeof the person. Known people include people participating in a benefitplan of one of the payers 106. Other people that have previouslysubmitted transactions to, or otherwise accessed services provided by,the central computing system 102, have unique identifiers in the datastore 154. By way of example, FIG. 6 illustrates the integratedtransaction (150B in FIG. 1) including a person identifier.Specifically, in this instance, the person identifier for fictitiousperson Richard L. Johnson is 0267569 in the integrated transaction.

With reference back to FIG. 3, if the person receiving care does nothave a unique identifier as determined at block 320, a new identifier iscreated at block 322. Next, the new identifier is aggregated into theintegrated transaction at block 324. If a unique identifier exists atblock 320, then block 324 is bypassed.

The initial aggregator 110 also includes an electronic health record(EHR) exchange 159 and an EHR data store 160 containing centralizedhealth records for persons interacting with the central computing system102. At block 326, the EHR exchange 159 determines if an electronichealth record exists in the EHR data store for the person identified inthe integrated transaction. If an existing EHR is present, then theintegrated transaction is stored to the EHR at block 328. If an EHR isnot located in the EHR data store 160, then an EHR is created at block328 based on the clinical event details of the integrated transaction.Next, at block 330, the system stores the clinical event details to theEHR data store 160.

Next, at block 332, EHR data elements from the EHR data store areaggregated into the integrated transaction. As discussed below,historical EHR data elements may affect the appropriateness and qualitydeterminations made by services component 114, and ultimately the amountof reimbursement for the care provided. These EHR data elements areaggregated into the integrated transaction for further processing. Byway of example, FIG. 7 illustrates the integrated transaction (150C ofFIG. 1) including an allergy retrieved from the EHR data store 160.Specifically, in this instance, the penicillin allergy of the patient ispresent in the EHR (due to prior transaction or receipt of the allergyfrom an electronic medical record or other input) but not the initialintegrated transaction. The penicillin allergy is aggregated under theAllergies heading (to accompany aspirin). The penicillin allergy may berelevant to the adjudication of appropriateness of patient care and isthus included in the integrated transaction.

In embodiments, an EHR may be formed for each person interacting withthe system 100 by storing the incremental data elements received witheach transaction. Also, care providers may submit integratedtransactions for those clinical events for which reimbursement is notrequested so that the clinical event details can be stored in the EHRdata store 160. For example, transactions for cosmetic surgery and othertypes of care paid for by the person receiving care can be added. Also,consumers, care providers and payers may provide information to theirEHR and have access to the history through the system of the presentinvention as, for example, through an EHR viewer module provided byservices component 114.

Accordingly, the EHR data store 160 may serve as a robust community EHR.The financial incentive of providers to receive reimbursement providesthe requisite incentive for the providers to submit an integratedtransaction. By associating each integrated transaction with a uniqueperson identifier and storing the transaction together, an EHR isformed. When several large payer populations are managed with thesystem, the EHR data store results in a community EHR. In embodiments,logic may be employed for controlling updates to the EHR based on anumber of factors such as continuity of submitting provider, timing,method for data capture and the like. In other embodiments, audit trailsfor updates may be provided. In other embodiments, feedback may beprovided by the system when inconsistent data is being submitted thandata in the EHR.

Returning to FIG. 3, at block 334, the system determines if additional,relevant clinical event details are available from one or moreproviders. Some data elements required to complete adjudication may notbe available at the time of care. For example, outcomes and results datarequired to determine the quality of the care provided are oftentimesnot available when the initial transaction is initiated. By way ofexample, FIG. 8 illustrates the integrated transaction of FIG. 7aggregated to include a length of stay of 3.7 days. In this instance,the length of stay may be a relevant indicator of the quality of careprovided as described below with reference to FIGS. 10 and 11.

Table 2 includes an exemplary list of clinical event details related tooutcomes (or results) of the care provided as may be aggregated at step332.

TABLE 2 Observations (Results) Identifier Value Type Code Value UnitsCode Reference Range Abnormal Code List     Abnormal Code Result StatusReference Range Effective Date Date and Time Producer     Identifier    Identifier Type Code     First     Middle     Last ResponsibleObserver     Identifier     Identifier Type Code     First     Middle    Last Method Date/Time of the Analysis

With reference back to FIG. 3, if additional clinical details are notavailable at block 336, the system determines if any additional relevantclinical details that may affect adjudication and reimbursement areoutstanding. In some cases, certain details are required foradjudication and reimbursement of the care provided. In other cases, asdescribed below with respect to FIG. 9, a care provider documentsadditional clinical event details for the integrated transaction afterthe initial submission to demonstrate that the appropriate care wasprovided. For example, a provider may input a justified reason fordeparting from the generally accepted protocol for medically appropriatecare. The system may similarly query the provider for submission of suchjustification at block 334. If received, the system stores thejustification in the EHR at block 330 and aggregates the reason as anadditional clinical data element in the integrated transaction at block332.

Some clinical event details are less relevant to adjudication, andprocessing of the integrated transaction may be completed in the absenceof these details. For example, additional EHR data elements that impactthe standards for medical appropriateness in rare cases may notrequired, and the omission of these EHR data elements may not haltadjudication and reimbursement for care. If no additional clinical eventdetails are outstanding or the outstanding clinical event details wouldnot halt processing of the integrated transaction, the aggregationprocess of FIG. 2 then ends at block 338.

With reference back to FIG. 2, once the data elements (includingclinical event details) are aggregated in the integrated transaction atblock 204, the system accesses plan information (or benefit dataelements) provided by the payers and determines benefit eligibility.Eligibility module 116 includes an eligibility engine 170 and aneligibility data store 172 containing eligibility information from eachof the payers 106. Eligibility engine 170 selectively determines if thecare described in the integrated transaction is eligible forreimbursement under any of the payer plans. The determination is made bymethods known by those of ordinary skill in the art. Data reflectingthis determination is aggregated in the integrated transaction datastore 112. If the data is part of the data forming the EHR, asynchronizer 161 updates the EHR data store 160.

Once eligibility is determined at block 206, the medical appropriatenessmodule 118 determines if the care provided is medically appropriatebased on the integrated transaction. An exemplary method 900 foradjudicating the integrated transaction based on the medicalappropriateness of the care provided is illustrated in the flow diagramof FIG. 9.

Initially, the process begins at block 902. Subsequently, at block 904,the system determines if appropriateness criteria are defined for theclinical event for which reimbursement is sought. In an embodiment,appropriateness module 118 includes an appropriateness engine 174 and anappropriateness knowledge base 176. Guidelines, standards of care andother normative information are contained in knowledge base 176. Thesemay, for instance, include recommended or best practices for differentcategories of diseases, patients or treatments as well as other clinicalbaseline or objective data. In embodiments, the knowledge base 176 mayinclude or access clinical guidelines published or released by ZynxHealth, Inc. or other content providers. Other sources of objective,evidence or research-based clinical guidelines and standards may beassessed or incorporated, such as for example data published or providedby the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations.Other public or private sources or combinations of sources ofclinically-related criteria or guidelines may also be used. At block904, appropriateness engine 174 identifies the relevant clinical dataelements in the integrated transaction to select appropriatenesscriteria from the knowledge base 176. If appropriateness criteria do notexist for the care provided, at block 906, the system determines thatthe medical appropriateness is incapable of being evaluated and storesthe determination in the integrated transaction.

If appropriateness criteria are defined for the clinical eventidentified in the integrated transaction, the criteria relevant to theintegrated transaction are identified at block 907 by theappropriateness engine 174. Next, at block 908, the system determines ifEHR data elements aggregated in the integrated transaction affect therelevance criteria identified at block 907. As mentioned above, “EHRdata elements” are clinical data elements that pre-exist the initialtransmission of the transaction. If EHR data elements affect the medicalappropriateness criteria, the medical criteria are adjusted at block 910as more fully described with reference to an example below.

If the EHR data elements in the integrated transaction do not affect thecriteria, or after the EHR data elements in the integrated transactionhave been used to adjust the medical appropriateness criteria, thesystem determines at block 912 whether the clinical data elements in theintegrated transaction satisfy the medical appropriateness criteria. Ifthe medical appropriateness criteria are satisfied, the determination isstored to the integrated transaction at block 914 and the adjudicationof medical appropriateness ends at block 915.

If, at block 912, the clinical data elements in the integratedtransaction do not satisfy the medical appropriateness criteria, thesystem notifies the care provider at block 916 that one or more of thecriteria are unsatisfied. Preferably, the notification is made in realtime so that the provider may add additional details regarding the careprovided.

Once the care provider is notified that the medical appropriatenesscriteria have not been satisfied, the system determines if additionalclinical event details are received from the care provider at block 918.For example, before submitting the initial transaction, the careprovider may have inadvertently neglected to input relevant clinicalevent details. If additional clinical event details are received, thoseclinical event details are stored in the integrated transaction at block920. Then, the process 900 re-initiates at step 904 until adetermination of medical appropriateness is made.

If, at block 918, additional clinical event details are not receivedfrom the care provider, the care provider is then given the opportunityat block 922 to explain or justify the care provided or omitted. If thesystem determines that a reason has been received, at block 924, thesystem then determines if the reason is acceptable. If the reason isdeemed acceptable against a pre-defined list of acceptable reasons(stored in the appropriateness knowledge base 170), the reason isaggregated in the integrated transaction and medical appropriatenessadjudication is deemed satisfied and stored at block 914 and thedetermination of medical appropriateness ends at block 915.

If, at block 922, a reason for the care provided is not received, thenthe system determines that medical appropriateness is not satisfied andthe determination is stored to the integrated transaction at block 906.If a reason is received at block 922, but the reason is deemedunacceptable at block 924, the system determines that medicalappropriateness remains unsatisfied and stores the determination as partof the integrated transaction at block 926.

In operation, by way of a number of examples, processes for determiningmedical appropriateness based on the integrated transactions aredescribed herein. In a first example, assume a fictional person requiresarrhythmia management. After the integrated transaction is initiallyaggregated and eligibility determined as described above, medicalappropriateness is adjudicated according to the method 900 of FIG. 9.After the process is initiated at block 902, the system determines ifappropriateness criteria are defined for the clinical event at block904. In this example, at block 907, a number of baseline appropriatenesscriteria are defined for the clinical event, and the system identifiesthese criteria. In this example, the appropriateness criteria forarrhythmia management indicates that certain medication treatments(including pre-determined doses, ranges, frequencies and forms) aremedically appropriate. Next, at block 908, the system determines if EHRdata elements in the integrated transaction affect the criteria. In thiscase, the medical evidence suggests that it is medically appropriate toimplant a pacemaker for the purpose of arrhythmia management if themedical history for the patient (as stored in the EHR) includebradycardia (slow heart beat) and syncope (fainting). If the integratedtransaction includes these observations or conditions, the medicalappropriateness criteria are adjusted to include a pacemaker as anappropriate medical treatment. Next, at block 912, the system determinesif the clinical data elements satisfy the criteria. In this case, drugtreatment, a pacemaker or the combination of both treatments areappropriate. If one or both of the appropriate sets of clinical dataelements (drug treatment or pacemaker) are documented for the careprovided, then medical appropriateness is satisfied and stored as partof the integrated transaction at block 914.

In another example, a hypothetical person admits to the EmergencyDepartment (ED) complaining of chest pains and shortness of breath. Uponexamination, it is determined that the person is experiencing heartfailure and the care process is initiated to treat the person. In thiscase, a number of baseline appropriateness criteria are defined for thecondition, and the system identifies the criteria at block 907.Specifically, the appropriateness criteria require that aspirin beadministered within the first twenty-four hours of admission. In thiscase, assume the care provider did not administer aspirin within thefirst twenty-four hours of admission, so the medical appropriatenesscriteria are not satisfied at block 912. Next, at block 916, the careprovider is notified in real time that the medical appropriatenesscriteria have not been satisfied. At block 918, the system determines ifadditional clinical event details are received from the care provider.In this case, no additional clinical event details are received. Thus,at block 922, the system next determines if a reason for the departingfrom the medially appropriate care has been received. In this case, theprovider documents that the person had taken aspirin at home minutesbefore presenting at the ED, therefore, a second dose of aspirin wouldhave been inappropriate. Accordingly, at block 924, the systemdetermines that the reason is acceptable. Medical appropriateness issatisfied and stored to the integrated transaction at block 914.

In another example, reference is made to a genetic test calledSHOX-DNA-Dx developed by Esoterix with a license from Eli Lilly &Company. This text detects mutations and deletions in the SHOX (ShortStature Homeobox) gene which is believed to cause short stature.Blaschke R. J. & Rappold G. A. SHOX: Growth, Leir-Weill and Turnersyndromes. (Review) TEM 11, 227-230. This test was first discovered in1997. In this example, a clinician such as an endocrinologist wouldorder this new genetic test to diagnosis a child with short staturerather than the conventional and expensive testing processes. However,when the SHOX-DNA-Dx test is first introduced, the knowledge base 176 ofappropriateness module 118 would not include the test as medicallyappropriate to determine whether a person has short stature.

As such, in this fictional example, at blocks 904 and 907, the systemwould identify that the appropriate care is to order the conventiontests for patients of a certain height and weight. Next, at block 908,the system would determine if EHR data elements in the integratedtransaction affect the appropriateness criteria. In this example,clinical data elements that could affect whether testing is appropriateinclude criteria defining heights and ages of the person's familymembers. These data elements may indicate that the likelihood of shortstature is relatively high or low in combination with the patient'sheight and weight, and the medical appropriateness criteria may beadjusted at block 910 to allow for testing or disallow for testing.

For the remainder of this example, assume that the clinical dataelements either as submitted (“clinical event details”) or in the EHR(“EHR data elements”) support testing but the medically appropriatenessknowledge base suggests that conventional diagnostic testing is theappropriate care. The system would determine at block 912 if theclinical data elements in the integrated transaction indicate thatconventional testing was performed. Since the new genetic test is notthe conventional treatment, the system would provide notification to theprovider at block 916 that the clinical event details do not satisfy theappropriateness criteria. In this case, assume the clinician opts forthe new treatment. Since additional clinical data elements areirrelevant to the decision to use the new treatment, none are receivedat block 918. Next, the system would determine at block 922 if a reasonfor care is provided. In this case, the care provider provides inputthat a new procedure was employed. In an embodiment, the care providerinteracts through a standard user interface including a number ofreasons for departing from the appropriateness criteria definedidentified at block 907. The user interface preferably includes a freetext field for inputting additional reasons. In this case, the user mayselect the option that a new genetic test is available. At block 924,the system would determine if this reason is acceptable. Thisdetermination may be made based solely on the reason received.Alternatively, the decision may be made based on a combination of otherfactors. In this case, the reason would be deemed appropriate and themedical appropriateness adjudication satisfied at block 914.

In another example, when a new disease (as opposed to a treatment) isdiscovered, a standard accepted set of appropriateness criteria will notbe defined. By way of recent example, when persons first presented withSevere Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), the system would havedetermined that appropriateness criteria were not defined at block 904.Also, at block 906, the system would store this determination to theintegrated transaction.

Systems of the present invention may be configured to automaticallyreimburse for care provided for certain diagnoses irrespective of theappropriateness of the care provided. In other embodiments, a careprovider may automatically receive reimbursement up to a certain levelof care of undefined appropriateness. In another embodiment, integratedtransactions for which medical appropriateness criteria are unknown maybe placed in a queue for a decision-making group to determine whetherthe care is appropriate. In one example, a real-time collaborationsession is initiated to resolve the outlier cases for whichappropriateness criteria are undefined.

With reference to FIG. 2, once medical appropriateness is adjudicated atblock 208, the system results the initial level of reimbursement atblock 210. In an embodiment, the level of reimbursement is set by theplan information stored in the eligibility data store 172. Inembodiments, the clinical event details are defined at a granular levelassociated with clinical records rather than traditional codes. Thisallows the reimbursement to be set based on the actual care providedrather than a summary represented by one or more codes or groups ofcodes (“groupers”). Also, since numerous alternative treatments maysatisfy the medical appropriateness criteria, different levels ofreimbursement may be dictated for the same presenting problem. Ratherthan resulting one level of reimbursement based on the diagnosis code(or other course definition of the clinical event), the level ofreimbursement may be dictated by the actual healthcare servicesprovided. While the refined medical appropriateness adjudicationprotects payers for unnecessary costs and healthcare consumers bydefining a number of treatments paths supported by medical evidence andpatient-specific data, the clinical event details may be used to fairlyreimburse providers for care provided.

As long as the care is medically appropriate, the provider will receivereimbursement for the clinical steps required to provide care withoutfinancial penalty to the provider. Consumers are safer since evidence isutilized to determine medically appropriate care and variance isreduced. Payers are protected since inappropriate care is not reimbursedand the provision of appropriate care will eliminate downstream costsdue to bad outcomes. Also, the system may be used to provide the latestmedically information to care providers by updating the medicalappropriateness criteria.

Next, at block 212, the level of reimbursement is adjusted based on thequality of care provided. A first exemplary method 1000 for adjudicatingthe integrated transaction based on the quality of care provided duringthe clinical event is illustrated in the flow diagram of FIG. 10. Themethod 1000 of FIG. 10 adjusts the level of reimbursement based on thequality of care provided. A second exemplary method 1100 foradjudicating the integrated transaction based on the historical qualityof care associated with the integrated transaction is illustrated in theflow diagram of FIG. 11. In embodiments of the invention, one or both ofthe methods may be utilized to determine the adjustment in thereimbursement level based on the quality of care provided. In these andother embodiments, processing and adjudication based on quality, isperformed by a quality engine 178 and associated quality knowledge base180.

With reference to FIG. 10, method 1000 is initiated at block 1002. Next,at block 1004, the system determines if quality criteria are defined forthe clinical event for which the integrated transaction originates. Inembodiments, the quality criteria are organized and stored withinquality knowledge base 180. Quality criteria include any of a number ofmeasurable or observatable conditions indicating the relative success ofthe care. The criteria include the presence or absence of a clinicalcondition indicating an outcome. For example, without limitation,criteria include mortality, morbidity, length of visit or stay, onset ofanother condition due to poor care, recurrence, elimination ofpresenting problem, quality of life indicators, patient satisfaction,and unplanned Emergency Department (ED) visits due to poor care.Additional criteria such as those developed by the National Committeefor Quality Assurance (NCQA) and the Joint Commission on Accreditationof Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO).

If the system determines that there are no quality criteria for theintegrated transaction at block 1004, then no adjustment is made to thereimbursement at block 1006. If quality criteria are defined for theintegrated transaction, the particular criteria are identified at block1008. Next, at block 1010, the system determines if the EHR dataelements in the integrated transaction affect the quality criteria. Asset forth by example below, clinical conditions oftentimes affect therelevant measurement for quality. Rules to adjust the clinical criteriabased on the presence or absence of EHR data elements are stored inquality knowledge base 180. In embodiments, these clinical conditionsare stored in the EHR data store 160. Quality engine 178 analyzes theEHR data elements for the patient to determine if any of the rules areapplicable. If EHR data elements in the integrated transaction affectthe quality criteria, the rules are triggered and the criteria areadjusted accordingly at block 1012. If EHR data elements do not affectcriteria as determined at block 1010, block 1012 is bypassed.

Next, at block 1014, the system determines if the relevant clinical dataelements are part of the integrated transaction being adjudicated. Ifthe relevant clinical event details are not present, the systemcontinues to poll for the receipt of these data before a determinationis made at block 1014. As set forth in FIG. 3 and discussed above, thepresent invention updates the integrated transaction at blocks 334 and336 until all relevant clinical event details required for adjudicationare available. As set forth below, the clinical event details evaluatedby some quality criteria may be documented during the course of care orimmediately thereafter. As such, the quality determination may be madein real time and the claim adjudicated on the basis of quality. Ifabsent from the integrated transaction, a real time query may be madeduring the bypass loop for the care provider to document the clinicalevent details required for the quality adjudication.

Since quality data are oftentimes unavailable at the time care isprovided, quality adjudication may be delayed until after the provisionof care in some instances and embodiments. For instance, the time periodbetween the presentation of a condition and the recurrence of thecondition is not available during the initial provision of care. Inthese cases, the quality adjustment is not made until the recurrenceoccurs or after a pre-defined period elapses within which the conditiondoes not recur. In embodiments, the quality portion of the reimbursementmay be held until the clinical data elements required are aggregated inthe integrated transaction. Alternatively, the provider may bereimbursed on the assumption that the care was of appropriate quality,and subsequently debited or credited to account for the quality of careprovided when the appropriate data elements are added to the integratedtransaction. Periodic queries of the persons or care providers may bemade to complete the transaction.

Next, at block 1016, the system and method applies the quality criteriaand calculates the quality adjustment. As set forth in the examplesbelow, care of particularly poor quality may result in no reimbursement.More frequently, at block 1016, the quality component 120 applies anadjustment to the base level of reimbursement under the payer plan.Then, at block 1018, the calculation is made and the level ofreimbursement is determined.

By way of a fictional example, a person presents to a care providerseeking treatment for a laceration to the arm causing excessivebleeding. The care provider treats the person by suturing the armlaceration with stitches. At this point, the bleeding has stopped, thelaceration has been treated and the person is sent home. In embodiments,the system and method would determine if quality criteria were definedfor this clinical event of the integrated transaction at block 1004. Thecriteria for this case could simply include the stoppage of bleeding,which would be identified at block 1008. After a determination is madewhether there are relevant EHR data elements at block 1010, and whetherrelevant clinical data elements are included in the integratedtransaction at block 1014, the quality determination is calculated atblock 1016. In this case, the quality criteria are satisfied and adetermination of the reimbursement level would be complete at block1018.

The exemplary method 1100 for adjudicating the integrated transactionbased on the historical quality of care associated with the integratedtransaction is illustrated in the flow diagram of FIG. 11. The method1100 is initiated at block 1102 by quality module 120 (FIG. 1). Next, atblock 1104, the system determines the type of historical integratedtransactions are relevant to adjudicate the integrated transaction. Inembodiments, the system will determine the type of relevant transactionsbased on the clinical data elements of the integrated transaction beingadjudicated. For example, the type of relevant integrated transactionswill oftentimes be limited to similar procedures for similar patients.Also, the type of relevant integrated transactions will be also belimited to those transactions submitted by a particular care provider,care provider's group or hospital at which the care was provided. Forexample, if the integrated transaction is related to a heart bypasssurgery, the type of relevant transactions may be defined by heartbypass surgeries performed by an individual surgeon over the last twoyears. In another example, the type may be defined by all heartprocedures performed by a particular group of doctors for a certain timeperiod.

Next, at block 1106, the system receives (or identifies) integratedtransactions of the appropriate type from the transaction data store112. In an embodiment, integrated transaction data store 112 includes adata warehouse with predefined data marts of conventional data types toexpedite the processing at block 1106.

Next, at block 1108, the system filters integrated transactions lackingquality determinations from the set of integrated transactions receivedat step 1106. Next, at block 1110, relevance criteria are identified. Asset forth in the examples below, some of the filtered set of integratedtransactions may lack relevance due to demographic information or otherpatient-specific clinical details stored in the integrated transactions.Also, some integrated transactions may not be relevant due to advancesin medicine. If the quality criteria have changed based on the medicaladvances, then the care provided under the outdated method is notrelevant. The relevance criteria may also limit the set of relevantintegrated transactions to those occurring during a set period of timeor to a set of the most recent transactions.

Next, at block 1112, the system filters the current set of relevanttransactions based on the relevance criteria 1110 to define the relevantset of transactions upon which quality is used to adjudicate. Then, atblock 1114, the system calculates the overall quality of the resultingset of integrated transactions. For example, the individual qualityfactors as determined by the process of FIG. 11 for each of theintegrated transactions of the resulting set may be averaged tocalculate an overall quality score.

Next, at block 1116, the system determines the adjustment based on thequality of care as calculated at block 1114. If the factors for a numberof transactions are averaged at block 1116, then the averaged factor isused. If another calculation is employed at block 1114 to define theadjustment, an adjustment factor is determined at block 1116. Then, atblock 1118, the calculation is made and the level of reimbursement isdetermined. In another embodiment, the reimbursement to the careprovider could be issued as a bonus. Alternatively, a care providercould incur penalties for providing care of poor quality.

In one example, a forty year old male presents to a care provider withacute myocardial infarction. Initially, at block 1104, the systemdetermines that the type of relevant historical integrated transactionsrelated to diseases of the heart in adults 18-44 years of age connectedto this particular care provider. At block 1106, the quality componentreceives the relevant transactions for further analysis. Next, at block1108, the system filters those integrated transactions that lack qualitydeterminations. At block 1110, the quality component then analyzes theintegrated transactions to determine relevance to the originatingintegrated transaction. Data from the Centers for Disease Control andPrevention (CDC) indicates that the average hospital length of stay foradults 18-44 years of age for diseases of the heart is 3.7 days. Next,at block 1112, the system applies the CDC filters (age, heart disease)to define the relevant set of integrated transactions. At block 1114,the system calculates the length of stay for the set of integratedtransactions and determines that this particular care provider averages3.0 days for length of stay. This average is calculated from relevantintegrated transactions from the previous twelve months. Next, at block1116, the system determines the quality adjustment for the provider at alevel of 1.23 by dividing the 3.7 days of the national average by theparticular doctor's average of 3.0 days. Then, at block 1118, the systemapplies this 1.23 adjustment to determine the reimbursement level forthe originating integrated transaction in this example. In additionalembodiments, rather than using length of stay, the actual clinical eventdetails used by clinicians to discharge patients could be evaluated todetermine quality at a granular level.

As set forth above, methods 1000 and 1100 may be used simultaneously.For example, if adjustment factors are determined in both methods, bothfactors may be applied to the base level of reimbursement to account forthe quality of the care provided in the integrated transaction beingadjudicated and the quality of care historically provided by the careprovider.

With reference to the previous example involving a forty year old malepresenting with acute myocardial infarction, the system could make aquality adjustment based on historical transactions available in thecentral computing system. In addition, the system may make a qualityadjustment simultaneously with the provision of care according to FIG.10 for the specific length of stay for the patient. For example, asnoted above, the quality adjustment based on relevant historicalintegrated transactions results in an adjustment factor of 1.23. If theperson also had an actual length of stay of four days, the adjustmentfactor for the actual care may, in embodiments, be 0.93 (or 3.7 days ofthe national average divided by 4.0 days for the actual clinical event).When the historical adjustment factor of 1.23 and the actual factor of0.93 are multiplied, an overall quality adjustment factor of 1.08results for the integrated transaction. As such, if the appropriatelevel of reimbursement for this transaction is $1000, the provider wouldbe reimbursed $1080.

With reference to FIG. 2, the system next determines if the adjudicationcriteria are satisfied at block 214. If the adjudication criteria arenot satisfied, the integrated transaction is routed to a resolutionqueue at block 216. The adjudication criteria may not be satisfied ifthe originating integrated transaction is not eligible forreimbursement, the appropriateness criteria are not satisfied, or thequality factor is below a pre-defined threshold. In embodiments,reimbursement may be automatically refused rather than routed forfurther resolution if the adjudication criteria are not satisfied. Ifthe adjudication criteria are satisfied, then the provider isautomatically reimbursed at block 220 as described below with referenceto FIG. 12.

An exemplary method 1200 for automatically reimbursing the care providerbased on the integrated transaction is illustrated in the flow diagramof FIG. 12. In embodiments, processing in accordance with the method isperformed by reimbursement module 122 and related components. Namely, areimbursement engine of reimbursement module 122 interacts with othercomponents of central computing system 102 and a reimbursement datastore 184 for storing data required to complete and recordreimbursements.

Initially, at block 1201, the reimbursement process is initiated. Next,at block 1202, the system determines the responsibility of a primarypayer. The responsibility is determined based on the plan information ofthe primary payer. The plan information preferably includes anappropriate baseline reimbursement amount for the care provided. Inembodiments, as discussed herein, the reimbursement for each componentof care provided is granular and relates to the actual care provided asdetailed by the clinical details of each originating integratedtransaction. The appropriate reimbursement amounts for each component ofcare documented in the integrated transaction are aggregated todetermine the baseline level of reimbursement, and the baseline isadjusted on quality processing (and medical appropriateness, inembodiments) as set forth herein with reference to FIGS. 1-11. As such,in embodiments, due to the granularity of the transaction, theresponsibility of each payer may be determined by parsing eachtransaction. For example, a first payer may have responsibility forprocedures performed while a second payer has responsibility formedications costs. The system of the present invention could examine theclinical data elements to determine the level of responsibility of eachpayer based on the care provided and plan details. The parsing of thetransaction and the plan details may determine the payer responsibility.

In embodiments of the invention, an initial level of reimbursement isdetermined at block 212 of FIG. 2 and individual payer responsibility at1202 of FIG. 12. In embodiments, the processing to determine the levelof reimbursement may be distributed between block 212 and thereimbursement method as illustrated in FIG. 12, particularly foradjudicating complex transactions.

Next, at block 1204, the provider is automatically reimbursed from anaccount from a primary payer. In embodiments, rather than automaticallyreimbursing the provider, the system initiates the reimbursementprocess. In embodiments, the payer is reimbursed in real-time via anelectronic funds transfer (EFT). The payment details of the EFT areaggregated in the originating integrated transaction. EFT details andEFT processing are known to those of ordinary skill in the art.

Next, at block 1206, the system determines if there are any additionalpayers who may have responsibility for the remaining amount due for theoriginating integrated transaction. Multiple payers such as thegovernment, a secondary insurer, or a charity may have responsibilityfor an individual clinical event. If there is a payer in addition to theprimary payer, the reimbursement responsibility of the additional payeris determined at block 1202. As set forth with respect to the primarypayer, the provider is automatically reimbursed from the additionalpayer at block 1204 and the integrated transaction is updated. Thisprocess continues at blocks 1206, 1202 and 1204 until reimbursements arereceived from each responsible payer. In a preferred embodiment, thesepayments are cumulated and processed in real-time or in near real-timeto the care provider.

Once it is determined at block 1206 that there are no additional payersresponsible for the care provided as detailed in the integratedtransaction, the system subsequently determines the responsibility, ifany, of the person receiving care (or the person responsible forpayment) at block 1208. The responsibility of the person (or responsibleperson) is determined based on the plan details (as included in theintegrated transaction or another component of the system). Forinstance, the person's responsibility may include a relatively smallpayment (co-pay) or a deductible against the responsibility of thepayer(s) as determined at block 1202. Alternatively, the planinformation may require the responsible person to pay a percentage ofthe overall amount of care provided. Next, at block 1210, the systemdetermines if the person has a health spending account (or HSA). Ahealth spending account is a personal account used for healthexpenditures. Examples of health spending accounts include FlexibleSpending Accounts, Health Savings Accounts and Health ReimbursementArrangements. The determination is made by querying one of any number ofdata stores that may include HSA information. In one example, the plandata in the eligibility module 116 includes HSA information for thepersons associated with the plan. Alternatively, the system may queryexternal data stores at the consumer 108 or financial institutions ofthe consumer to determine if the person has an HSA, particularly forHealth Savings Accounts or other consumer-directed vehicles.

If the system determines that the person has an HSA, the system thendetermines whether funds are available in the HSA at block 1212. Iffunds are available, the system determines whether authorization hasbeen given to withdraw HSA funds to pay for the person's responsibilityat block 1214. In an embodiment, the reimbursement module 122 allows theconsumer to establish a standing authorization to withdraw funds fromthe HSA based on any of a number of criteria. For example, the consumermay pre-authorize use of HSA funds for all of the person'sresponsibility. Since the integrated transaction includes acomprehensive set of clinical data elements and additional dataelements, the user may pre-authorize payment from the HSA on a moredetailed basis. In one example, the person may pre-authorizereimbursement for clinical events at a certain provider, of a certaintype, or under a certain threshold payment amount, or any combinationthereof. Additionally, the person may set pre-authorization conditionsbased on the quality (and/or appropriateness) factoring as determined inthe processes of FIGS. 9-11. For example, authorization may be limitedto care meeting for which quality is particularly high. Theseauthorization criteria may be defined by interaction with thereimbursement module 122 through network 144 such as through a websiteor portal.

If the system is authorized to use HSA funds at block 1214, then thefunds are used to reimburse the provider and the integrated transactionis updated at block 1216. If authorization has not been providedpreviously, at block 1218, the system determines if authorization isreceived directed for this particular integrated transaction. In anembodiment, the person may provide authorization at the care provider'ssite. This authorization may be provided by providing a password orpersonal identification number (PIN) similar to a conventional debittransaction. If authorization is received at block 1218, then the fundsare used to reimburse the provider and the integrated transaction isupdated at block 1216.

Next, at block 1220, the system determines if the person has additionalfinancial responsibility. If not, then the reimbursement is complete andthe process of FIG. 12 ends at block 1222.

If the system determines at block 1210 that the person does not have anHSA, or funds are not available at block 1212, or authorization to usefunds is not received at block 1218, or that the person has additionalresponsibility at block 1220, then the system determines if a debitaccount or credit card account is available at block 1224. In anembodiment, the person provides this information to the reimbursementmodule 122. Alternatively, the information may be stored as part of thereimbursement data store 184.

If account information is available, the system determines ifauthorization is received for the integrated transaction at block 1226in one of a number of ways known in the art. If authorization isreceived, the provider is automatically reimbursed and the integratedtransaction is updated to include details related to the reimbursementsuch as amount, time, date and the like. If bank debit or credit cardinformation is not available or if authorization is not received to usea bank debit or credit card, the integrated transaction is updated atblock 1228 and the reimbursement process ends at block 1230. Ifautomated reimbursement has not satisfied the amount due to the careprovider, follow-up and reimbursement for the unpaid balance is theresponsibility of the provider or provider institution.

Returning to FIG. 2, once the care provider is reimbursed at block 220as described above, the process ends at block 222.

The system and methods of the present invention provide a number ofadvantages. For example, the ability to aggregate payer-based healthcare-related financial data, provider created clinical data, and medicalevidence into a common platform has the potential to transform themanner by which care is delivered. The centralized operation reduces theredundant investment in information technology at the payers, providersand consumers, and allows each of the foregoing to monitor theinformation sourced from one another. The manual processing andreprocessing described in the background are obviated. The process ofreimbursement is simplified. Providers have common access to the bestclinical evidence, and the payers provide incentive to the providers tofollow the best evidence. The aggregation of all of the integratedtransactions in the central system creates a robust electronic medicalrecord for the consumer, and a comprehensive data source from whichresearch and community-based services may be provided. The inventionthus reduces administrative costs and increases the quality of care bymarrying patient-specific data, plan data from multiple payers and bestmedicine.

The foregoing description of the invention is illustrative, andmodifications in configuration and implementation will occur to personsskilled in the art. Other hardware, software or other resourcesdescribed as singular may, in embodiments, be distributed, and similarlyin embodiments resources described as distributed may be combined. Forexample, the data stores in the central computing system may be storedin a single referential data base. The scope of the invention isaccordingly intended to be limited only by the following claims.

1. One or more computer-storage media having computer-useableinstructions embodied thereon for adjudicating and reimbursing a careprovider for services provided for a clinical event, comprising:receiving, at a central computing system from a remote computer, atransaction from a care provider, the transaction including one or moreclinical event details stored within a data store of the care providerthat have been electronically documented by the care provider at a pointof care for the clinical event for which reimbursement is sought;aggregating, at the central computing system, electronic medical recorddata elements from an electronic medical record data store of thecentral computing system with the corresponding one or more clinicalevent details electronically documented by the care provider at thepoint of care, wherein the electronic medical record data store includeshistorical electronic medical record data elements received from aplurality of providers; accessing payer information for one or morepayers; determining a reimbursement amount for a first payer directlyusing the electronic medical record data elements from the electronicmedical record data store of the central computing system havinghistorical electronic medical record data elements received from theplurality of providers and using the corresponding one or more clinicalevent details electronically documented by the care provider at thepoint of care for the clinical event for which reimbursement is sought,wherein determining the reimbursement amount comprises (1) accessing afirst knowledge base including appropriateness criteria for the clinicalevent for which reimbursement is sought, wherein appropriatenesscriteria comprises one or more guidelines, standards, or a combinationthereof, (2) determining the medical appropriateness of the clinicalevent by comparing at least a portion of the one or more clinical eventdetails of the transaction to the appropriateness criteria for thatclinical event, (3) determining an initial reimbursement amount for thefirst payer based on the determined medical appropriateness, (4)accessing a second knowledge base including criteria for assessingquality of care, wherein quality of care criteria comprises one or moreof a mortality, a morbidity, a length of visit or stay in a healthcarefacility, an onset of another condition due to poor care, a recurrence,an elimination of presenting problem, a quality of life indicator, apatient satisfaction, and an unplanned visit due to poor care, (5)determining that at least one of the electronic medical record dataelements affects at least one of the criteria for assessing quality ofcare, and, in response thereto, adjusting the at least one of thecriteria for assessing quality of care, (6) determining the quality ofcare by comparing the adjusted at least one criteria against at least aportion of the one or more clinical data elements of the transaction andthe electronic medical record data elements from the electronic medicalrecord data store of the central computing system having historicalelectronic medical record data elements received from the plurality ofproviders, and (7) determining an adjusted reimbursement amount for thefirst payer, the adjusted reimbursement amount being adjusted from theinitial reimbursement amount based on the determined quality of careprovided; and automatically initiating reimbursement of the careprovider by the first payer in accordance with the adjustedreimbursement amount.
 2. The media of claim 1, further comprising:determining a reimbursement amount based on the clinical event detailfor a second payer.
 3. The media of claim 2, wherein the second payer isa consumer.
 4. The media of claim 3, wherein the reimbursement from thesecond payer is from a health savings account.
 5. The media of claim 1,further comprising the step of determining whether the transaction iseligible for reimbursement by the first payer.
 6. The media of claim 1,further comprising reimbursing the provider in real-time.
 7. One or morecomputer-storage media having computer-useable instructions embodiedthereon for adjudicating and reimbursing a care provider for servicesprovided for a clinical event, the method comprising: receiving, at acentral computing system, one or more transactions from one or moreproviders via one or more remote computers, each transaction includingone or more clinical event details stored within a data store of thecorresponding provider that have been electronically documented a careprovider for the clinical event for which reimbursement is sought;accessing payer information for one or more payers; for eachtransaction, determining a quality of care provided to a patient inassociation with the transaction by comparing the one or more clinicalevent details of the transaction electronically documented by the careprovider for the clinical event and one or more electronic medicalrecord data elements from an electronic medical record data store havinghistorical electronic medical record data elements received from aplurality of providers to one or more quality criteria stored within aknowledge base including criteria for assessing quality of care, whereinthe one or more quality of care criteria comprise a mortality, amorbidity, a length of visit or stay in a healthcare facility, an onsetof another condition due to poor care, a recurrence, an elimination ofpresenting problem, a quality of life indicator, a patient satisfaction,and an unplanned visit due to poor care; for each transaction,determining a reimbursement amount from a first payer and a second payerbased on the clinical event details electronically documented and thedetermined quality of care provided; and for each transaction,automatically initiating reimbursement of the care provider by the firstpayer and the second payer.
 8. The media of claim 7, wherein the secondpayer is a consumer.
 9. The media of claim 8, wherein the reimbursementfrom the second payer is from a health savings account.
 10. The media ofclaim 7, the step of determining a reimbursement amount furthercomprises accessing a first knowledge base including at least one optionfor providing medically appropriate care, and selectively performinganalysis of the clinical data elements of the transaction against the atleast one option to determine if the care provided is medicallyappropriate.
 11. The media of claim 10, wherein the clinical optionsconsist of guidelines and standards.
 12. The media of claim 7, furthercomprising the step of determining whether the transaction is eligiblefor reimbursement by the first payer.
 13. The media of claim 7, furthercomprising reimbursing the provider in real-time.
 14. A medicalinformation computing system embodied on one or more computer-storagemedia having computer-useable instructions embodied thereon foradjudicating and reimbursing a care provider for services provided for aclinical event, comprising: an initial transaction aggregator forreceiving and aggregating a transaction from one or more providers, eachtransaction using one or more clinical event details stored within adata store of the corresponding provider that have been electronicallydocumented by a care provider for the clinical event for whichreimbursement is sought and for generating an integrated transactionincluding clinical data elements comprising the clinical event detailsand electronic medical record data elements from an electronic medicalrecord data store having historical electronic medical record dataelements received from a plurality of providers; a data store forstoring the clinical event details electronically documented in anelectronic medical record by the care provider for the clinical eventfor which reimbursement is sought; an appropriateness module fordetermining if care provided by the care provider is medicallyappropriate based on a comparison of the clinical data elements againstappropriateness criteria, wherein appropriateness criteria comprises oneor more guidelines and standards; a reimbursement level module fordetermining an initial level of reimbursement from a first payer and asecond payer based on the clinical data elements stored in the clinicaldata store and the appropriateness determination; a quality module fordetermining a quality of care provided to a patient by the care providerbased on a comparison of the clinical data elements against one or morequality criteria stored within a knowledge base including criteria forassessing quality of care, wherein the one or more quality criteriacomprise one or more of a mortality, a morbidity, a length of visit orstay in a healthcare facility, an onset of another condition due to poorcare, a recurrence, an elimination of presenting problem, a quality oflife indicator, a patient satisfaction, and an unplanned visit due topoor care; an adjustment module for adjusting the initial level ofreimbursement from a first payer and a second payer based on thedetermined quality of care provided to the patient by the care providerto attain an adjusted level of reimbursement to be provided to the careprovider; and a reimbursement module for automatically reimbursing thecare provider by the first payer and the second payer in real time. 15.The system of claim 14, further comprising an eligibility module fordetermining whether the transaction is eligible for reimbursement by thefirst payer.
 16. The system of claim 14, wherein the second payer is aconsumer.